There are several treatment options available when dealing with defects in the ureter caused by any condition. These include PSOAS capture, Boari flap, transureteroureterostomy, ureteroureterostomy, and in some cases ureteric ileum replacement.

Bladder augmentation and replacement are typically performed in patients with neurological disease, malignancy, or tuberculosis. These procedures may include continent urinary diversion or intestinal conduit diversion. More information can be found in the pediatric urology section on bladder augmentation and replacement.

Reconstruction of the urethra can be achieved using anastomotic and replacement urethroplasty. Buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty, whether single-stage or staged, is often performed to treat traumatic or acquired stricture disease and hypospadias.

Other surgeries that can be performed include vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistula repairs, as well as scrotum and penile reconstruction.

For more information on the treatment of urethral stricture, see the following link: Treatment of urethral stricture.