Prostate Cancer Overview:
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland in the male reproductive system located below the bladder. Its primary function is to produce fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. The prostate gland plays a crucial role in male reproductive health, and prostate cancer is indeed a significant concern worldwide. Early detection through regular screenings and awareness of risk factors can greatly improve outcomes for those affected by this disease. It’s vital for men to stay informed and proactive about their health, including understanding the importance of regular check-ups and screenings for conditions like prostate cancer.
Causes and Risk Factors:
Prostate cancer is a complex disease, and its exact cause isn’t fully understood. While researchers continue to investigate, it’s generally acknowledged that multiple factors can contribute to its development.
Age: The risk of prostate cancer increases significantly after age 50.
Family history: If your father had prostate cancer or if it runs in your family, it increases the son’s risk as well.
Obesity: Excess body weight is linked to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer.
Diet: A diet high in red meat and processed foods may increase the risk.
Genetics: Certain genetic abnormalities may increase susceptibility to prostate cancer.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer:
Early-stage prostate cancer can often be asymptomatic, which is why regular screenings are recommended, especially for men over a certain age or with risk factors, as the cancer progresses, individuals may experience:
Difficulty in urinating or passing a weak stream
Frequent urination, especially at night
Blood in the urine or semen
Pain or discomfort in the pelvis, lower back, or thighs
Diagnostic Tests for Prostate Cancer:
Several tests are used to diagnose prostate cancer:
Diagnostic tests for prostate cancer typically include:
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
In this test, a doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland for any abnormalities in size, shape, or texture.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test
This blood test measures the levels of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland. Elevated levels of PSA can indicate prostate cancer, but they can also be caused by other conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or inflammation.
Trans rectal Ultrasound (TRUS)
A probe is inserted into the rectum, emitting sound waves to create images of the prostate gland. TRUS can help identify abnormal areas within the prostate that may be cancerous.
Prostate Biopsy
If abnormalities are detected during DRE or TRUS, a biopsy may be recommended. During a biopsy, small samples of prostate tissue are collected using a needle, usually guided by ultrasound imaging. These samples are then examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
MRI Fusion Biopsy
This technique combines MRI imaging with ultrasound technology to precisely target suspicious areas within the prostate for biopsy, increasing the accuracy of cancer detection.
Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)
This imaging technique combines different MRI sequences to provide detailed images of the prostate gland. mpMRI is increasingly used to detect and characterize suspicious areas within the prostate before biopsy.
Genomic Tests
Certain genomic tests analyze the genetic makeup of prostate cancer cells to provide information about the aggressiveness of the cancer and the likelihood of progression.
Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer:
Treatment options for prostate cancer depend on various factors including the stage of cancer, the aggressiveness of the tumor, the patient’s age and overall health, as well as personal preferences. Here are some common treatment options:
Active Surveillance
For low-risk prostate cancer, especially in older men or those with significant comorbidities, active surveillance may be an option. This involves regular monitoring of PSA levels, digital rectal exams, and possibly repeat biopsies over time to watch for any progression of the cancer.
Surgery (Prostatectomy)
Surgical removal of the prostate gland (prostatectomy) may be recommended for localized prostate cancer. This can be done through open surgery or minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It can be delivered externally (external beam radiation therapy) or internally (brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy). Radiation therapy may be used as the primary treatment for localized prostate cancer or in combination with other treatments.
Hormone Therapy (Androgen Deprivation Therapy, ADT)
Prostate cancer growth is often fuelled by the male hormone testosterone. Hormone therapy aims to lower testosterone levels in the body or block its effects on cancer cells. This can be done through medications or surgical removal of the testicles (orchiectomy).
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy may be recommended for advanced prostate cancer that has spread beyond the prostate gland and is not responding to hormone therapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy drugs help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Some immunotherapy drugs have been approved for treating advanced prostate cancer.
Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy drugs work by targeting specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression. These drugs may be used in combination with other treatments for advanced prostate cancer.
Prostate Cancer Surgery Care:
Prostate cancer surgery, whether it’s a radical prostatectomy or another procedure, requires careful post-operative care to ensure optimal recovery and minimize complications. Here’s a general outline of what post-surgery care may involve:
Pain Management
Pain and discomfort are common after surgery. Our healthcare team will prescribe pain medication to help manage this.
Activity Restrictions
Following surgery, you’ll need to limit certain activities to allow your body to heal properly. Your surgeon will provide specific instructions regarding lifting, exercise, and other physical activities. Typically, you’ll need to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous exercise for a period of time.
Dietary Guidelines
Eating a healthy diet is crucial for recovery. Our healthcare team may provide dietary guidelines to follow after surgery.
Wound Care
If your surgery involved an incision, proper wound care is essential to prevent infection and promote healing. Our healthcare provider will give you instructions on how to care for your incision, including how to keep it clean and when to change dressings.
Monitoring for Complications
While uncommon, complications can occur after prostate cancer surgery. It’s essential to monitor for signs of infection, excessive bleeding, blood clots, or other complications
Follow-up Appointments
Your surgeon will schedule follow-up appointments to monitor your progress and address any concerns or questions you may have.
Physical Therapy
Depending on the type of surgery you had and your individual needs, our healthcare team may recommend physical therapy to help restore strength and function to the pelvic floor muscles.
Emotional Support
Coping with a cancer diagnosis and undergoing surgery can be emotionally challenging. It’s essential to have a support system in place, whether it’s friends, family, or a support group.
Recovery:
While prostate cancer surgery is life-saving, it can be a challenging task to get back to living life after surgery. Thanks to minimally invasive surgical options which makes recovery faster and smoother. Generally, it takes around 3-4 weeks to recover and resume normal activity.
Since prostate cancer is mostly asymptomatic, we urge you to undergo an early detection and intervention to effectively diagnose the condition and make a customized treatment plan. At BKC, consult our team of experienced Urologists or comprehensive care, from advanced diagnostics to skilled surgery and compassionate aftercare.